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<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">小新和同学一起用硬纸板搭建了图示的轨道，测量小球运动的平均速度。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（1）根据实验的原理<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">，需要测量的物体量是小球运动的路程和所用的时间。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（2）他们先用钢卷尺对轨道的各段长度进行测量并分段做了标记，因<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">的测量误差较大，需多次测量。为保证小球每次通过A点的速度相同，必须用同一小球从左边斜面的<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">高度由静止释放。要使小球能够通过E点，释放小球的高度应<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">水平段BD的高度。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（3）从A点开始计时，用电子秒表分别测量小球经过B、C、D、E各点的时间。整理实验数据并记录在下表中。</span></span></span></span></span></span> <table class="Table" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">路段</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">距离s/cm</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:122px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">运动时间t/s</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">平均速度v/（m．s<sup>﹣1</sup>）</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">AB</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">50.00</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:122px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">0.45</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">1.11</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">BC</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">50.00</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:122px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">0.60</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">0.83</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">CD</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">50.00</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:122px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">0.75</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">0.67</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:81px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">DE</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:111px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">100.00</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:122px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">0.93</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid black; width:165px; padding:2px 2px 2px 2px; border-top:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-left:none" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">1.08</span></span></span></span></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">分析表中数据可知，v<sub>BC</sub><u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">v<sub>CD</sub>，这是因为小车在运动过程中受<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">作用；小球从A点运动到E点的过程中，在<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">点的速度最小。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（4）小球在BD段运动的平均速度为<u> </u></span></span></span><u> </u><u> </u><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">m/s（计算结果保留两位小数）。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <img src="/uploads/meth/20210528/7178583f78cd5e18507a8cad41637586.png" style="float: right; width: 207px; height: 43px;" /><br />
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（1）v=</span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="35" src="/uploads/meth/20210528/7577300d8a58ad5815fc3547e4913d05.png" width="13" /><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">；（2）时间；同一；大于；（3）＞；摩擦力；D；（4）0.74。</span></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">解：（1）测量小球平均速度的原理：v=</span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="35" src="/uploads/meth/20210528/7d785bc0dceffc95d30fcc06254afd6d.png" width="13" /><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">；</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（2）因为记录不同路段所用的时间时存在较大误差，因此需要多次测量；</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">为保证小球每次通过A点的速度相同，必须用同一小球从左边斜面的同一高度由静止释放。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">由于阻力的作用，要使小球能够通过E点，释放小球的高度应大于水平段BD的高度。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（3）根据表中数据可知，v<sub>BC</sub>大于v<sub>CD</sub>，由于BC在同一水平面，导致速度变小的原因是摩擦力的作用；</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">小球从A点运动到B点的过程中，将小球的动能转化为小球的重力势能，小球速度变小，而从B点到D点的过程中，由于阻力作用，小球的速度又逐渐变小，当小球从D点到E点的过程中，将重力势能转化为动能，小球的速度逐渐变大，因此D点的速度最小。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">（4）根据表中数据可知，s<sub>BD</sub>=50cm+50cm=100cm=1m；t<sub>BD</sub>=0.6s+0.75s=1.35s；</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">则v<sub>BD</sub>=</span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="46" src="/uploads/meth/20210528/6ffa6f38b36b7e7615be73dc73784fff.png" width="28" /><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">=</span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="35" src="/uploads/meth/20210528/ce4479afe0447ef48a7339812f47609f.png" width="45" /><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">≈0.74m/s。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">故答案为：（1）v=</span></span></span></span></span></span><img height="35" src="/uploads/meth/20210528/dc1064fcb869748a8a2bcd84fb4abefe.png" width="13" /><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Calibri"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:宋体">；（2）时间；同一；大于；（3）＞；摩擦力；D；（4）0.74。</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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